实二次代数整数环上的单位格的类数

用邻格方法及Siegelmass公式证明了实二次代数域Q(√d)上单位格种gen(In)n≥4)的类数h(In)=3当且仅当Q(√3):n=4;Q(√5);n=6;Q(√3);n=4;Q(√17):n=4.     

3,4跳图的平面性

For a graph G of size ε≥1 and its edge-induced subgraphs H1 and H2 of size r(1≤r≤ε), H1 is said to be obtained from H2 by an edge jump if there exist four distinct vertices u,v,w and x in G such that (u,v)∈E(H2), (w,x)∈ E(G)-E(H2) and H1=H2-(u,v)+(w,x). In this article, the r-jump graphs (r≥3) are discussed. A graph H is said to be an r-jump graph of G if its vertices correspond to the edge induced graph of size r in G and two vertices are adjacent if and only if one of the two corresponding subgraphs can be obtained from the other by an edge jump. For k≥2, the k-th iterated r-jump graph Jrk(G) is defined as Jr(Jrk-1(G)), where Jr1(G)=Jr(G).An infinite sequence{Gi} of graphs is planar if every graph Gi is planar. It is shown that there does not exist a graph G for which the sequence {J3k(G)} is planar, where k is any positive integer. Meanwhile,lim gen(J3k(G))=∞,where gen(G) denotes the genus of a graph G, if the sequencek→∞J3k(G) is defined for every positive integer k. As for the 4-jump gra     

SOME CLASSES OF UPPER EMBEDDABLE GRAPHS

1IntroductionSincetheintroductoryinvestigationofmaximumgenusbyNordhaus,Stewart,andWhite[3],theupperembeddabilityofgraphshasreceivedgreatemphasissofar.AlthoughLiu[16]andNebesky[9]haverespectivelyprovideddifferentnecessaryandsufficientconditionsontheupperembeddabilityofgraphs,weknowlessaboutwhatclassesofgraphsareupperembeddable.Jaeger,PayanandXuong[10]provedthateverygraphobtainedbyconnecting(withanynumberofedges)twovertex-disjointupperembeddablegraphswithevenBettinumberisupperembeddable.Skov…     

Notes on braidzel surfaces for links

As a generalization of pretzel surfaces, L. Rudolph has introduced a notion of braidzel surfaces in his study of the quasipositivity for pretzel surfaces. In this paper, we show that any oriented link has a braidzel surface. We also introduce a new geometric numerical invariant of links with respect to their braidzel surface and study relationships among them and other ``genus' for links.

     

Big Heegaard distance implies finite mapping class group

We show that if M is a closed three manifold with a Heegaard splitting with sufficiently big Heegaard distance then the subgroup of the mapping class group of the Heegaard surface, whose elements extend to both handlebodies is finite. As a corollary, this implies that under the same hypothesis, the mapping class group of M is finite.     

Spanning Annuli in 3—manifolds

Al3-manifOldsandsurfacesconsideredinthisPaperareassumedtobecompactandori-entable,andallconcePtsandnotationsnotdefinedinthepaperareStandardfsee,forexample[2,3j.AcompressionbodyHisconstructedbyadding2-handlestoSXIalongacollectionofpairwisdisjointsimpleclosedcurvesonSX{o},andcaPpingoffanyresulting2-spherebound-arycomponentSwith3-balls,whereSisaconnectedclosedorientablesurface.ThecomponentSX{1}Of8Hisdenoted8 Handthesurface8H-8 H,whichmayormaynotbeconnect-ed,isdenoted8H.If8H=gi,Hisahandleb…     

LOWER BOUND NUMBER OF IRREDUCIBLE GRAPHS ON SURMCES

1IntroductionThesurfaceisacompact2-manifold.AnorientablesurfaCeofgenuskishomeonlorphictoaspherewithkhandles,whichwedenoteitbySk.Anon-orientablesurfaceofgenuskishomeomorphictoaspherewithkcrosscaps,whichwedenoteitbySa.AnembeddingMonsurfaceSgmeanstheunderlyinggraphofMisdrawnonSOsuchthatnoedgesintersecteachotherandeachfaceishomeomorphictothedisc[5],wedenoteitbyMCS,(orforS.).Irreduciblegraphscharacterizethosegraphswhichcannotbeembeddedonasurfacebutdeletinganyedgeofthisgraph,theresultantgraphc…     

Genus-One Correction to Multicut Matrix Model Solutions

We calculate genus-one corrections to the Hermitian one-matrix model solution with an arbitrary number of cuts based on the loop equation, confirming the answer previously obtained from algebro-geometric considerations and generalizing it to the case of arbitrary potentials.     

The Heegaard Genus of Amalgamated 3-Manifolds

Let M and M′ be simple 3-manifolds, each with connected boundary of genus at least two. Suppose that Mand M′ are glued via a homeomorphism between their boundaries. Then we show that, provided the gluing homeomorphism is ‘sufficiently complicated’, the Heegaard genus of the amalgamated manifold is completely determined by the Heegaard genus of Mand M′ and the genus of their common boundary. Here, a homeomorphism is ‘sufficiently complicated’ if it is the composition of a homeomorphism from the boundary ofM to some surface S, followed by a sufficiently high power of a pseudo-Anosov onS, followed by a homeomorphism to the boundary of M′. The proof uses the hyperbolic geometry of the amalgamated manifold, generalised Heegaard splittings and minimal surfaces.